Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), also known as thymalfasin or Zadaxin, is a synthetic 28-amino-acid peptide identical to a naturally occurring compound produced by the thymus gland. It functions as an immunomodulatory agent that enhances, modifies, and restores immune function, particularly by promoting T-cell maturation and differentiation, activating natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells, regulating cytokine production (e.g., increasing IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 while modulating inflammatory cytokines), upregulating MHC class I expression, and supporting both innate and adaptive immunity without typically causing cytokine overstimulation.1
